[Viridovipera]

Fant denne lille teksten om en jente som var blitt bitt av en Cerastes cerastes. Ganske interresant lesing:

Abstract

An 18 year old woman was bitten on the second finger of her right hand by a Cerastes cerastes. A literature search revealed very few clinical cases, and most of those were only laboratory and in ‘vitro studies’. Local signs included a hemorrhagic wound at the site of the bite with marked swelling of the entire hand. Twelve hours later, the patient developed coagulopathy, which lasted 3 days and required repeated administration of blood products. Treatment was essentially supportive and the patient was discharged from the hospital after 5 days in good condition.

Funnet her: -lenke-
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Fant forøvrig også denne informasjonen om Cerastes cerastes gift på Wikipedia:

C. cerastes venom is not very toxic, although it is reported to be similar in action to Echis venom.[2] Envenomation usually causes swelling, hemorrhage, necrosis, nausea, vomiting and hematuria. A high phospholipase A2 content may cause cardiotoxicity and myotoxicity[5]. Studies of venom from both C. cerastes and C. vipera list a total of eight venom fractions, the most powerful of which has hemorrhagic activity. Venom yields vary, with anything from 19-27 mg dried venom to 100 mg being reported.[2] For venom toxicity, Brown (1973) gives LD50 values of 0.4 mg/kg IV and 3.0 mg/kg SC.[6] An estimated lethal dose for humans is 40-50 mg[5].

Synes personlig at det er ganske dårlig at wikipedia forfatteren velger å ordlegge seg slik ("not very toxic").

Tenkte kanskje flere hadde interesse av å lese dette.

mvh, Viridovipera

[Jabbe]

Veldig interessant lesning det der ja. Takk for at du deler

Nå skal det sies at C. Cerastes kan levere en dødlig dose gift, men dødsfall er usannsynlig.

General: Dangerousness
Unknown, but potentially lethal envenoming, though unlikely, cannot be excluded.

General: General Systemic Effects
Variable non-specific effects which may include headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dizziness, collapse or convulsions

Clinical Summary
It is unclear how commonly Cerastes cerastes causes bites within its range, but they are probably not rare. Bites appear similar to envenoming by other members of the genus. Fatalities, though potentially possible, are rare and perhaps half of all cases are sufficiently minor to avoid hospital admission.

Bites cause local pain, mild to moderate swelling, occasionally bruising or blistering and, uncommonly, necrosis. The severity of the necrosis is not well documented. Compartment syndrome is not documented, but might occur in severe cases. Systemic envenoming does occur, with both general symptoms, including headache, nausea, vomiting, and coagulopathy. The latter may not be major, but there is certainly the potential for severe coagulopathy and pathologic bleeding. Cerastes cerastes has caused severe coagulopathy.

Average Venom Qty
40 to 70 mg ( dry weight ), Minton (1974) ( Ref : R000504 ).

65 mg ( dry weight ), Kochva (1978) ( Ref : R000913 ).

Venom Components
1. Cerastase® [ Syn : Cerastase F-4 ( a-Fibrinogenase ) ].

2. Factor X activator. Franssen et al (1983) ( Ref : R000256 ) and Fraction D-2 ( coagulant ), El-Asmar et al (1983) ( Ref : R000257 ).

3. PLA2 enzyme. Gasmi et al (1988) ( Ref : R000326 ).

4. PLA2 enzyme: Mol. Wt. approx. 14,500, 120 AA residues and isoelectric point pI = 5.4. The PLA2 was not lethal to mice at a dose of up to 25 mg / kg ( ip and iv ). Laraba-Djebari and Martin-Eauclaire (1990) ( Ref : R000626 ).

5. Fibrinogen-clotting serine proteinase. Laraba-Djebari et al (1992) ( Ref : R000720 ).

6. Cerastatin ( Platelet aggregation inhibitor ). Marrakchi et al (1997) ( Ref : R000823 ).

7. Cerastocytin ( Thrombin-like serine protease ). Marrakchi et al (1995) ( Ref : R000830 ).

8. Cerastotin ( Serine Protease ). Marrakchi
et al (1995) ( Ref : R000830 ).

Haematological / Haemorrhagins
Cerastase® : F-4 anticoagulant enzyme is a glycoprotein, Mol. Wt. 22,500, isoelectric point pI = 5.2, fibrinogenolytic activity Aα > Bβ( 15.69 mg / min / mg, more than double that of the crude venom 6.44 mg / min mg ), haemorrhagic activity ( absent or very slight ) and fibrinolytic activity present. Caseinolytic and prothrombinolytic enzymatic activities were reported. Daoud et al (1986) ( Ref : R000219 ) and Daoud et al (1987) ( Ref : R000572 ) .

Factor X activator : There are two subforms composed of two polypeptide chains, both have a heavy chain Mol. Wt. 58,000 and a different light chain of Mol. Wt. 15,000 and 17,000. Franssen et al (1983) ( Ref : R000256 ) and El-Asmar et al (1986) ( Ref : R000257 ).

Fraction D-2 : [ Syn : Almost certainly Franssen's light chain described above ]. Acidic protein, Mol. Wt. 14,000, isoelectric point pI = 3.2, proteolytic activity towards albumin and casein but no fibrinogenolytic activity nor platelet aggregation activity. El Asmar et al (1986) ( Ref : R000257 ).

Fibrinogen-clotting serine proteinase [ Syn : RP34 ] : Two identical subunits Mol. Wt. 48,500, about 427 AA residues isoelectric point pI = 3.75. Showed both arginine-ester hydrolase and amidase activities with specific activities 30 times greater than that in crude venom. Laraba-Djebari et al (1992) ( Ref : R000720 ).

Cerastatin : Mol. Wt. approx. 32,000, a neutral glycoprotein, isoelectric point pI = 6.2, composed of at least 3 subunits. Cerastatin is devoid of PLA2, esterase, fibrinogenolytic and amidolytic activities. Cerastatin inhibited aggregation of rabbit and human washed platelets induced by α-thrombin, PAF-acether or collagen and inhibited the thrombin induced clot retraction of platelet rich plasma. It does not inhibit amidolytic or procoagulant activities of thrombin and caused no lytic effect on platelet membranes. Pretreatment of platelets with cerastatin irreversibly inhibits the aggregation induced by thrombin. Cerastatin inhibits platelet aggregation by interfering with the interaction of fibrinogen with fibrinogen receptors. Marrakchi et al (1997) ( Ref : R000823 ).

Cerastocytin : Mol. Wt. 38,000, single polypeptide chain, isoelectric point pI > 9.0. Cerastocytin induces aggregation of washed platelets. Irreversibly inhibited by PMSF ( phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride ) and PPACK ( D-Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethyl-ketone ) and reversibly by benzamidine, but is insensitive to hirudin and antithrombin III / heparin. Cerastocytin catalyses the hydrolysis of synthetic substrates TAME and S-2238 and blood coagulation factors eg. Factor X, Factor XIII and fibrinogen. Marrakchi et al (1995) ( Ref : R000830 ) and Marrakchi et al (1997) ( Ref : R000829 ).

Cerastotin : Mol. Wt. 38,000, single polypeptide chain, isoelectric point pI = 6.8. The proaggregant activity of Cerastotin is observed only in the presence of fibrinogen. Irreversibly inhibited by PMSF and PPACK and reversibly by benzamidine, but is insensitive to hirudin and antithrombin III / heparin. Cerastocytin catalyses the hydrolysis of synthetic substrates TAME and S-2238 and blood coagulation factors eg. Factor X, Factor XIII and fibrinogen. Marrakchi et al (1995) ( Ref : R000830 ).

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Hentet fra WCH Clinical Toxinology Resources

[Viridovipera]

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